SAP ABAP Syntax for Open part two

The present post about SAP ABAP Syntax check is in continuation with previous post of Syntax check for OPEN.

Addition 4

... IN BINARY MODE

Effect

The contents of the file are not interpreted by the read and write operations READ DATASET and TRANSFER . The data areas specified with these key words are directly input or output. The addition IN BINARY MODE does not have to be specified explicitly.

Addition 5

... IN TEXT MODE

Effect

If a file is opened with this addition, the system assumes that the file has a line structure. Each time READ DATASET or TRANSFER occurs, exactly one line is input or output. If the data area is too big for the line read, the remaining area is padded with blanks. If it is too small, the remainder of the line is lost.

Addition 6

... AT POSITION pos

Effect

This addition allows you to specify an explicit file position pos in bytes from the start of the file. The next read or write operation then occurs there. You cannot specify a position before the start of the file.

Although this addition can also be used with the addition IN TEXT MODE , it makes little sense, because the physical format of a text file depends largely on the operating system.

Addition 7

... TYPE attr

Effect

In the field attr , you can specify further file attributes. The contents of this field are passed unchanged to the operating system. No checks are performed. See the documentation of the fopen command for the relevant operating system.

Example

Generate a MVS file " 'QXX.YYY' " with the specified
attributes. (The apostrophes ['] are part of the file name.):
OPEN DATASET '''QXX.YYY'''
TYPE 'lrecl=80, blksize=8000, recfm=F'
FOR OUTPUT.


Addition 8

... MESSAGE msg

Effect

Stores the relevant operating system message in the field msg if an error occurs when opening the file.

Example

DATA: DSN(20) VALUE '/usr/test',
MSG(100).
OPEN DATASET DSN FOR INPUT MESSAGE MSG.
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
WRITE: / MSG.
STOP.
ENDIF.

Addition 9

... FILTER filter

Effect

Under UNIX and Windows NT, you can specify an operating
system command in the field filter .

Example

Under UNIX
DATA DSN(20) VALUE '/usr/test.Z'.
OPEN DATASET DSN FOR OUTPUT FILTER
'compress'.

opens the file DSN and writes the output data to this file via the UNIX command 'compress'.

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Syntax for Open

Basic form 1

OPEN DATASET dsn.

Effect

Opens the specified file. If no addition is specified, the file is opened for reading and in binary mode .
The return code value is set as follows:

SY-SUBRC = 0 The file was opened.
SY-SUBRC = 8 The file could not be opened.

Example

DATA: DSN(20) VALUE '/usr/test',
RECORD(80).
OPEN DATASET DSN.
DO.
READ DATASET DSN INTO RECORD.
IF SY-SUBRC NE 0.
EXIT.
ELSE.
WRITE: / RECORD.
ENDIF.
ENDDO.
CLOSE DATASET DSN.

The file must be accessible from the application server. You cannot use OPEN DATASET to process files on the current presentation server (whether PC or workstation). The function modules WS_DOWNLOAD and WS_UPLOAD exist for this purpose.

The format of file names depends largely on the operating system. You can access portable programs by using the function module FILE_GET_NAME which returns the physical file name for a given logical file name.

You should specify the path name of any file you wish to open in its absolute form ('/usr/test'), not in its relative form ('test'). Otherwise, the file may be opened in the directory where the SAP System is already running.

When you create a file, it exists under the user name used to start the SAP System. This user name is not normally identical with the user's UNIX name. To be able to create the file, the user must have the appropriate write authorization.

Addition 1

... FOR OUTPUT

Effect

Opens the file for writing. If the file already exists, its contents are deleted unless it is already open. If it is open, the positioning is set back to the start of the file. If the file does not exist, it is generated.

Addition 2

... FOR INPUT

Effect

Opens an existing file for writing. If the file is already open, the positioning is set back only to the start of the file. The addition FOR INPUT does not have to be specified explicitly.

Addition 3

... FOR APPENDING

Effect

Opens the file for writing to the end of the file. If the file does not exist, it is generated. If the file is already open, positioning is only set back to the end.

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Syntax for ON

Basic form

ON CHANGE OF f.

Addition

... OR f1

Effect

Executes the processing block enclosed by the " ON CHANGE OF f " and " ENDON " statements whenever the contents of the field f change (control break processing). We use the statement to manipulate database fields during GET events or SELECT / ENDSELECT processing.

Example

TABLES T100.

SELECT * FROM T100 WHERE SPRSL = SY-LANGU

AND

MSGNR < '010'

ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY.

ON CHANGE OF T100-ARBGB.

ULINE.

WRITE: / '***', T100-ARBGB, '***'.

ENDON.

WRITE: / T100-MSGNR, T100-TEXT.

ENDSELECT.

Displays all messages with their numbers in the logon language, provided the number is less than '010'.Each time the message class changes, it is output.

Addition

... OR f1

Effect

Also executes the code whenever the contents of the field f1 changes.

Example

* Logical database F1S

TABLES: SPFLI, SFLIGHT, SBOOK.

GET SBOOK.

ON CHANGE OF SPFLI-CARRID OR

SPFLI-CONNID OR

SFLIGHT-FLDATE.

ULINE.

WRITE: /5 SPFLI-CARRID, SPFLI-CONNID,

5 SFLIGHT-FLDATE, SPFLI-FLTIME,

5 SFLIGHT-SEATSMAX, SFLIGHT-SEATSOCC.

ENDON.

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Syntax for New Page

Basic form

NEW-PAGE.

Effect

Starts a new page during list processing. Terminates the current page and continues output on a new page.

NEW-PAGE does not generate blank pages, i.e. it ignores pages containing no output.

NEW-PAGE increments the page counter (the system field SY-PAGNO ).

The event END-OF-PAGE is not processed.

To start a new page depending on the number of unused lines remaining on the current page, use the RESERVE statement.

Addition 1

... NO-TITLE

Effect

Starts a new page but no longer outputs the standard header (title, date and page number). This is the default setting for secondary lists.

Addition 2

... WITH-TITLE

Effect

Starts a new page and continues to output of the standard header (title, date and page number). This is the default setting for basic lists.

Addition 3

... NO-HEADING

Effect

Starts a new page but no longer outputs column headings (text elements). This is the default setting for secondary lists.

Addition 4

... WITH-HEADING

Effect

Starts a new page and continues to output the column headings (text elements). This is the default setting for basic lists .

Addition 5

... LINE-COUNT lin

Effect

Starts a new page containing the number of lines specified by lin (in the exceptional case of LINE-COUNT 0 , the number of lines per page is unlimited). The default setting is taken from the addition ... LINE-COUNT in the REPORT statement.

Addition 6

... LINE-SIZE col

Effect

Formats the new page with the number of columns specified in col . The exception to this is LINE-SIZE = 0 which indicates line length set by the system according to the standard window width. The addition ... LINE-SIZE col is only effective on the new page if it is also the first page of a new list level.

The addition works only before initialization of the new list level (with WRITE, SKIP, ... ). The default setting is also taken from the addition ... LINE-SIZE in the REPORT statement.

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Syntax for New Line

Basic form

NEW-LINE.

Effect

Generates a new line during list processing.Terminates the current list line and moves the cursor to the next list line. If there has been no output (with WRITE or SKIP ) since the last NEW-LINE , the NEW-LINE is ignored, i.e. no new line is started.

Addition

... NO-SCROLLING

Effect

Flags the new line as "not movable" (i.e. horizontal scrolling has no effect). This allows you to keep title lines and indented comment lines or areas in the same position.

The system does not automatically flag the standard title line (text elements, NEW-PAGE WITH-TITLE ) as "not movable".

SET_SCROLL-BOUNDARY allows you to flag columns in a list so that they cannot be scrolled horizontally. In this case, using NEW-LINE NO-SCROLLING means that lines which are not subject to the division of the page into fixed and movable column areas remain visible and are not moved during horizontal scrolling.

Example

Scattered comment lines - unmovable

NEW-PAGE LINE-SIZE 255.

WRITE: / 'This line will be moved'.

NEW-LINE NO-SCROLLING.

WRITE: / 'This line will n o t be moved'.

WRITE: / 'This line will be moved'.

Addition 2

... SCROLLING

Effect

Flags the new line as "not movable". Since SCROLLING is the default setting of NEW-LINE , it can normally be omitted. We only have to use NEW-LINE SCROLLING after NEW-LINE NO-SCROLLING , which is not followed by any output. This ensures that the next line introduced with NEW-LINE also has the attribute SCROLLING .

Example

Conditional comment lines:

NEW-PAGE LINE-SIZE 255.

WRITE: / 'This line will be moved'.

NEW-LINE NO-SCROLLING.

IF 0 = 1.

WRITE: / 'Conditional comment line'.

ENDIF.

NEW-LINE. "Incorrect

WRITE: / 'This line will n o t be moved'.

WRITE: / 'This line will be moved'.

NEW-LINE NO-SCROLLING.

IF 0 = 1.

WRITE: / 'Conditional comment line'.

ENDIF.

NEW-LINE SCROLLING. "Correct

WRITE: / 'This line will be moved'.

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Syntax for Move Corresponding

Basic form

MOVE-CORRESPONDING rec1 TO rec2.

Effect

Interprets rec1 and rec2 as field strings. If, for example, rec1 and rec2 are tables, executes the statement for their header lines. Searches for the sub-fields which occur both in rec1 and rec2 and then generates, for all relevant field pairs which correspond to the sub-fields ni , statements of the form MOVE rec1-ni TO rec2-ni. The other fields remain unchanged. With complex structures, the full names of the corresponding field pairs must be identical.

Example

DATA: BEGIN OF INT_TABLE OCCURS 10,

WORD(10),

NUMBER TYPE I,

INDEX LIKE SY-INDEX,

END OF INT_TABLE,

BEGIN OF RECORD,

NAME(10) VALUE 'not WORD',

NUMBER TYPE I,

INDEX(20),

END OF RECORD.
..

MOVE-CORRESPONDING INT_TABLE TO RECORD.

This MOVE-CORRESPONDING statement is equivalent to both the following statements:

MOVE INT_TABLE-NUMBER TO RECORD-NUMBER.

MOVE INT_TABLE-INDEX TO RECORD-INDEX.

Example Two

TYPES: BEGIN OF ROW1_3,

CO1 TYPE I,

CO2 TYPE I,

CO3 TYPE I,

END OF ROW1_3.

TYPES: BEGIN OF ROW2_4,

CO2 TYPE I,

CO3 TYPE I,

CO4 TYPE I,

END OF ROW2_4.

TYPES: BEGIN OF MATRIX1,

R1 TYPE ROW1_3,

R2 TYPE ROW1_3,


R3 TYPE ROW1_3,

END OF MATRIX1.

TYPES: BEGIN OF MATRIX2,

R2 TYPE ROW2_4,

R3 TYPE ROW2_4,

R4 TYPE ROW2_4,

END OF MATRIX2.

DATA: ROW TYPE ROW1_3,

M1 TYPE MATRIX1,

M2 TYPE MATRIX2.

ROW-CO1 = 1. ROW-CO2 = 2. ROW-CO3 = 3.

MOVE: ROW TO M1-R1, ROW TO M1-R2, ROW TO M1- R3.

MOVE-CORRESPONDING M1 TO M2.

The last MOVE-CORRESPONDING statement is equivalent to the statements:

MOVE: M1-R2-CO2 TO M2-R2-CO2,

M1-R2-CO3 TO M2-R2-CO3,

M1-R3-CO2 TO M2-R3-CO2,

M1-R3-CO3 TO M2-R3-CO3.

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Syntax for Move part two

This topic is in continuation with Syntax for SAP ABAP MOVE part one.

Variant 2

MOVE f+off1(len1) TO g+off2(len2).

Effect

With offset off2 and length len2 , field g receives the contents of field f with offset off1 and length len1 . Therefore, the offset and length specifications can also be variable.

Example

DATA: FIELD1(10) VALUE '1234567890',
OFF1 TYPE I VALUE 1,
LEN1 TYPE I VALUE 2,
FIELD2(8) VALUE 'abcdefgh',
OFF2 TYPE I VALUE 3,
LEN2 TYPE I VALUE 4.
MOVE FIELD1+OFF1(LEN1) TO FIELD2+OFF2(LEN2).

FIELD2 now has the value ' abc23 h '.

Variant 3

MOVE c1 TO c2 PERCENTAGE n.

Additions

1. ... LEFT
2. ... RIGHT

Effect

c1 and c2 must be type C fields; n is a field with a numeric value between 0 and 100. The left part of field c1 ( n percent) is moved to field c2 and is left-justified. c2 is filled with blanks if necessary.

Addition 1

... LEFT

Effect

This is the standard. With this statement, you can make clear that transfer is to be left-justified.

Addition 2

... RIGHT

Effect

Transfer is right-justified, the left part of field c1 as standard.

The runtime required to transfer a C(1) field to a C(1) field is 1 msn (standard microseconds). Conversions should be avoided for performance reasons, i.e. the fields should have the same type and length. For example, a MOVE of a C(10) field to a C(10) field takes about 2 msn, while a MOVE of a C(10) field to a type I field needs about 10 msn.

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ABAP Syntax for Move

Variant 1

MOVE f TO g.

Effect

Moves the contents of field f to field g . Field f remains unchanged.

This statement is equivalent to:

g = f.

Example

DATA: NUMBER TYPE I,
FIVE TYPE I.
MOVE 5 TO FIVE.
MOVE FIVE TO NUMBER.
The fields NUMBER and FIVE now both 5.

Multiple assignments like NUMBER = FIVE = 5. are also possible. ABAP/4 executes them from right to left .

If the field types or lengths differ, type conversion follows automatically. Type I fields are handled like type P fields. If we select the fixed point arithmetic attribute for an ABAP/4 program, type P fields are either rounded according to the number of decimal places or filled with zeros.

In contrast to WRITE TO , the decimal character is always a period (.), regardless of the specification in the user master. MOVE allows you to copy tables and structures which contain other tables.

Two tables can be copied only if this is possible for their respective lines. If the line types are incompatible, conversions are performed line by line. If itab is a table with a header line, the table itself can be addressed with itab[] .

Run time errors
  1. BCD_BADDATA : Source field (type P ) does not contain the correct BCD format
  2. BCD_FIELD_OVERFLOW : Result field defined too small (type P )
  3. BCD_OVERFLOW : Arithmetic operation overflow (type P )
  4. CONVT_NO_NUMBER : Source field cannot be interpreted as a number
  5. CONVT_OVERFLOW : Source field conversion overflow
  6. MOVE_COMPLEX_OVERLAP : Assignment not allowed for deep structures in case they overlap
  7. MOVE_NOT_SUPPORTED : Assignment between types involved is not supported
  8. MOVE_TO_LIT_NOTALLOWED : Constants and literals must not be overwritten


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Syntax for Module

Basic form

MODULE modl.

Additions

1. ... OUTPUT
2. ... INPUT

Effect

The processing block between the " MODULE modl. " and " ENDMODULE. " statements is snown as a module . We call the module modl in the screen flow logic with the statement " MODULE modl. ". This screen must belong to the same program (module pool) as the module.

Example

DATA: INPUT, GOOD_INPUT.

MODULE CONTROL.
...

IF INPUT NE GOOD_INPUT.

MESSAGE E123.

ENDIF.

ENDMODULE.

The ABAP/4 statement MODULE , which is always terminated by ENDMODULE , must not be confused with the flow logic statement MODULE ( screen ).

Addition 1

... OUTPUT

Addition 2

... INPUT

Effect

The module called before screen output (in the PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT section of the flow logic) should be qualified by the addition OUTPUT . Since the addition INPUT is the default value, it can be omitted. This means that the module called user input (in the PROCESS AFTER INPUT section of the flow logic), is either followed by no addition or qualified by the addition INPUT . A module modl can thus exist twice - as an input and as an output module.

Here we cannot combine the additions OUTPUT and INPUT .

· An error message (MESSAGE Emnr ) cancels processing of the module.

· A warning message (MESSAGE Wmnr ) repeats the current module (or the module chain [CHAIN ]) if you enter different data.

If when we just press ENTER after the warning (or even after I and S messages), processing continues after the MESSAGE statement.(99.5)

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/p>

Modify Syntax for change list line part three

Check out the part two of modify syntax for more convenience of understanding.

Variant 2

MODIFY LINE n OF CURRENT PAGE.

Additions

1. ... FIELD VALUE f1 FROM g1 ... fn FROM gn
2. ... LINE FORMAT fmt1 .. fmtn
3. ... FIELD FORMAT f1 fmt11 ... fmt1m ... fn fmtn1 ... fmtnm

Effect

Changes the n th line on the current page (stored in the system field SY-CPAGE ).

Addition 1

... FIELD VALUE f1 FROM g1 ... fn FROM gn

Addition 2

... LINE FORMAT fmt1 .. fmtn

Addition 3

... FIELD FORMAT f1 fmt11 ... fmt1m
... fn fmtn1 ... fmtnm

Effect

See MODIFY LINE

Variant 3

MODIFY LINE n OF PAGE m.

Additions

1. ... FIELD VALUE f1 FROM g1 ... fn FROM gn
2. ... LINE FORMAT fmt1 ... fmtn
3. ... FIELD FORMAT f1 fmt11 ... fmt1m ... fn fmtn1 ... fmtnm

Effect

Changes the n th line on page m .

Addition 1

... FIELD VALUE f1 FROM g1 ... fn FROM gn

Addition 2

... LINE FORMAT fmt1 ... fmtn

Addition 3

... FIELD FORMAT f1 fmt11 ... fmt1m

... fn fmtn1 ... fmtnm

Variant 4

MODIFY CURRENT LINE.

Additions

1. ... FIELD VALUE f1 FROM g1 ... fn FROM gn
2. ... LINE FORMAT fmt1 ... fmtn
3. ... FIELD FORMAT f1 fmt11 ... fmt1m ... fn fmtn1 ... fmtnm

Effect

Changes the last line read even across line levels. This variant is especially useful if the line to be modified has been read immediately before through line selection or using READ LINE . You then need to note the number of the line until the MODIFY .

Addition 1

... FIELD VALUE f1 FROM g1 ... fn FROM gn

Addition 2

... LINE FORMAT fmt1 ... fmtn

Addition 3

... FIELD FORMAT f1 fmt11 ... fmt1m

... fn fmtn1 ... fmtnm[98.5]

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Modify Syntax for change list line part two

This post is in continuation with Modify Syntax for change list line part ONE and going through that will give more comfort in understanding the present post.

Addition 3

... FIELD VALUE f1 FROM g1 ... fn FROM gn

Effect

Overwrites the contents of the fields f1 , f2 , ... in the list line with the current contents of the fields g1 , g2 , ... (type conversion as for MOVE g1 , g2 , ... to type C). The field contents of f1 , f2 , ... themselves remain unchanged.

If a field (e.g. f2 ) is output several times in the line to be modified, only the first occurrence is modified.

If the field is not output in the line at all, it is ignored.

You can omit the addition FROM g2 if the field f2 in the list line is to be modified from the current contents of f2 .

This means that ... FIELD VALUE f2 has the same effect as ... FIELD VALUE f2 FROM f2 .The return code value of SY-SUBRC is not affected by the addition FIELD VALUE and so only depends on the existence of the selected list line.

Addition 4

... FIELD FORMAT f1 fmt11 ... fmt1m
... fn fmtn1 ... fmtnm

Effect

Modifies the output format of the field f1 according to the format specifications fmt11 ... fmt1m . Similar to f2 , ..., fn . For a list of valid format specifications, see FORMAT . Fields that occur several times or not at all in the line are treated as in the addition FIELD VALUE .

If you combine the additions LINE FORMAT and FIELD FORMAT , the format set by LINE FORMAT is always valid for the whole line initially. After wards, it is changed by the format specifications for the individual fields.

Example

DATA: FLAG VALUE 'X',
TEXT(20) VALUE 'Australia',
I TYPE I VALUE 7.
FORMAT INTENSIFIED OFF.
WRITE: / FLAG AS CHECKBOX, TEXT COLOR
COL_NEGATIVE.
AT LINE-SELECTION.
MODIFY CURRENT LINE
LINE FORMAT INTENSIFIED
FIELD VALUE FLAG FROM SPACE
FIELD FORMAT FLAG INPUT OFF
TEXT COLOR = I.

When the user selects the displayed list line by double-clicking, the checkbox for FLAG is reset and can no longer accept values. The format of the entire line is set to "intensified" and TEXT is
displayed in a different color. (97.4)

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Syntax Modify Change list line

Variant 1

MODIFY LINE n.

Additions

1. ... INDEX idx
2. ... LINE FORMAT fmt1 ... fmtn
3. ... FIELD VALUE f1 FROM g1 ... fn FROM gn
4. ... FIELD FORMAT f1 fmt11 ... fmt1m ... fn fmtn1 ... fmtnm

Effect

Changes the n th line of the list. This could be, for example, after line selection ( AT LINE-SELECTION , AT PFxx , AT USERCOMMAND ).

The current contents of the system field SY-LISEL are restored to the list as the line contents and the HIDE area for the line is re-determined from the current contents of the fields hidden
with HIDE .

The return code value is set as follows:

SY-SUBRC = 0 Line was successfully changed.
SY-SUBRC <> 0 Line does not exist.

With multiple-level line selection, the modification is always performed in the list where the (last) line selection was made, except in the case of the addition ... INDEX idx and MODIFY CURRENT LINE .

Addition 1

... INDEX idx

Effect

Changes the relevant line in the list to list level idx (0, 1, 2, ...) with multiple line selection ( SY-LSIND ).

Addition 2

... LINE FORMAT fmt1 ... fmtn

Effect

The output format of the selected line is determined by the format specifications fmt1 , fmt2 ... . For a list of valid format specifications .

Example

DATA I TYPE I VALUE 2.

WRITE: / 'Intensified' INTENSIFIED,

'Input' INPUT,

'color 1' COLOR 1,

'intensified off' INTENSIFIED OFF.

* Line selection

AT LINE-SELECTION.

MODIFY CURRENT LINE

LINE FORMAT INVERSE

INPUT OFF

COLOR = I.

After you have selected the the output list line (by doubleclicking), the whole line is set to COLOR 2 and INVERSE and all INPUT fields are set to INPUT OFF . The fields with the attribute INTENSIFIED or INTENSIFIED OFF retain this because the attribute is not addressed here.(96.8)

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Challenges in SAP Testing

Established commercial implementation methodologies for SAP typically fail to address how requirements will be met, the criteria for testing, the framework for utilizing test tools, necessary resources for testing, estimating testing budgets, specific testing roles and responsibilities, and how test defects will be managed and resolved.

Many factors hamper successful testing at most SAP projects such as unclear requirements, inability to trace the system design to requirements, missing dedicated test teams, waiving defects without appropriate workarounds, and inadequate involvement of needed participants for testing such as subject matter experts (SMEs) for capturing requirements and end users for user acceptance testing.

Industry data shows that removing system defects in a live production environment is at least 20 to 40 times more expensive than doing so in the unit-testing phase or during the requirements gathering phase. Many defects can be eliminated or prevented altogether with thorough evaluation and peer review of requirements.

Many corporations pay expensive consulting fees to fix production problems arriving at the production help desk rather than address these problems or defects during the applicable testing phase.

The main reason that this occurs is that SAP projects often do not spend the time or have the appropriate resources to ensure that the captured requirements are peer reviewed and evaluated with objective criteria, or to construct an RTM to provide coverage for all requirements and establish objective testing criteria for each testing phase.

Another overlooked reason that causes defects that should have been resolved during testing to slip into the production environment is that individuals acting as SAP testers cannot reach consensus on testing nomenclature or the test approach.

Another challenge for testing SAP is inadequate training at all levels for either cross-matrixed testing resources or dedicated testing resources. Training is needed for testers who are participating in one-time testing efforts such as user acceptance testing, or participating in all testing efforts for execution of test cases and resolution of defects.

The test manager needs to develop the procedures for mentoring and educating all project resources who are expected to participate in testing activities.

Training consists of the following activities:
  1. Training dedicated testers on how to maintain and install automated test tools, test management tools, and develop automated test cases.
  2. Training testing participants on test procedures for logging defects and reporting test results.
  3. Training on how to evaluate and peer review requirements.
  4. Training on testing nomenclature to standardize testing terms for all project members.
  5. Training for roles and responsibilities for resolving defects.(25.8)

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